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Most people don't want to
spending time in a hospital,

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of course you will say, but perhaps you don't study
medicine like me and you don't have a doctor

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retired as an uncle. He knows everyone
and decided to help me choose the

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specialization. It's not a pill
morphine. And as a pass for

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all the sets of the greatest show
medical television in the history of

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of advanced search, even if the
My uncle's hospital practice is

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experimental.

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Robert is charming, come down again
more.

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It's really too late to sign up for
jurisprudence?

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It drips, flows and gushes. It's the
blood. Today we have a program a

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strong. Let's talk about hematology.

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I chose it because blood is a
organ that you can access easily. Lo

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a slide, look into the microscope and
see all.

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The sight of blood doesn't scare me.

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Transfusions saved the life of
thousands of people.

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One in ten patients admits that they
hospitals need more

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of blood. You can lose a limb and
survive, but if you lose too much blood

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die. Sometimes you need a transfusion
complete to survive. Sometimes the

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your blood is attacked by millions
microscopic mutants wallowing in it

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inside. In both cases it will be a
nematologist to save you.

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Blood provides nourishment, heat and
oxygen to all tissues and if it does not

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his duty problems arise everywhere.

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Chronic fatigue, abdominal cramps,
around 25 symptoms in all. Including sore

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headache, nausea and nosebleeds.

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We divide blood diseases into
two very precise and distinct blocks. In

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one the cancerous disorders, of
evil type.

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Like leukemia and lymphomas. And kind
not malignant in the other.

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Such as anemia, other disorders of
blood and coagulation.

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In blood times are very fast.

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Every second 3 million are born
blood cells and the same number

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Blood circulates constantly, therefore
his ailments must be taken for

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time before they infect other organs.
And to do the analysis you have to do the

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withdrawal.

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We can have you do the picking
nephew, if you prefer.

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Robert?

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How could I tell him I never had it
done in my life? That I had the

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absolute terror?

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No thank you. Ciocchetti, I have faith in
you, Robert. When I practiced

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hospital, what I preferred was
see the vials filling up with the

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warm purple plasma of life.

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Come on, Robert, take a deep breath.

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Be safe, Robert.

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Straight in the vein.

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And... Go!

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Hey, I didn't hear anything. Really?

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Oh, because the arm I took is the
mine.

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But you got the mood, Robert.

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And okay, I couldn't. I was
terrified of blood, petrified

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full of blood.

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I don't like humiliating people, but in
effects...

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Men with a more robust appearance and
the more miserly are those who end up

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they tend to faint more easily.

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I'm not skinny, I study medicine and
I passed out anyway.

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Okay, let's move on.

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The blood sample is subjected to
a test called CBC, complete blood count

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complete.

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It is the counting of the components of the
blood. Blood is made up of millions

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different cells floating in one
liquid solution.

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The complete blood count does the counting
of the three main components.

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First, the red blood cells.

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They are shaped like donuts without holes and
they can pass through fabrics

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such as capillaries, veins and lungs.

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This is where they load up on oxygen,
which they then transport to all cells

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of the body.

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Then come the white blood cells, cells
warriors fighting infections. E

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finally, platelets, which promote
blood clotting.

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The cells contained in a sample are
million and full count yes

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runs in 45 seconds, thanks to this
computer called blood cell counter.

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Some are added to the sample
chemicals that cause the

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cells. Each type of blood cell is
different in shape and size and when

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passes through this player
electronic is classified and

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If the values are altered from the
normally something is wrong.

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I did a blood test and they have
discovered I was anemic. Anemia yes

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when the red blood cell values and
dermoglobin are lower than normal.

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The times are also checked
coagulation, placing a drop of

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a container and waiting 20 minutes.

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The times must be verified
coagulation. It is possible that blood

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too fast or not enough
rush. If you have a number of dog tags

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too low, it means you don't stop
to bleed even for the smallest

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wound. This disorder is called
haemophilia, also known as mal dei

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royals, because Queen Victoria in the 19th
century had it in its genes and passed it on

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to the children.

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Some of his daughters married with
members of other European royal families?

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Blood problems, therefore. Actually, say
blue blood. In Russia, the youngest son

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of Tsar Nicholas, Alexei, suffered from a
very severe form of hemophilia.

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Today hemophilia can be treated with
coagulating agents.

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Thanks to the fact that doctors are in
able to separate the blood in its

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components, the patient will get only
that of which it is deficient.

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The components separate by emulsifying
the blood at a rate of 3000

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rotations per minute, in the centrifuge.

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The centrifuge is a shaped container
cylindrical similar to the centrifuge of

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washing machine.

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Very similar to this carousel too,
only 500 times faster. For effect

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of speed, the red blood cells, which
they are the heaviest component, they come

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pushed to the bottom of the test tube.

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Plasma, which is a sort of glue
of the blood fluid, remains on the surface

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and in the middle are the white blood cells and
platelets that are used for the

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coagulation.

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Every half liter of blood offered by a
donor is broken down into its

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parts and then transfused into patients. There
is being asked more and more frequently

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what blood components we have
need. If we only need

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red blood cells, why waste them
platelets?

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Red blood cells are used for
the treatment of anemia.

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While plasma... Plasma is a
solution extremely rich in substances

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gelling agents, so it has a lot of use
low in surgical interventions a

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risk of sudden bleeding. The
Plasma is 90% water. It can stay

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frozen for years and once
thawed, put into circulation after 20

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So a single blood donation can
help four different people.

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Soon, what group are you in?

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Blood type, of course. No
we'll talk and we'll also talk about the

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transfusions, and milk.

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Well yes, I was needlephobic and fainted at the
sight of blood. Bad thing if you will

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become a doctor.

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I had tried to fight, but I had fallen
in battle.

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Why is the arm I took mine?

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Blood carries oxygen from the lungs
to tissues throughout the body and then

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returns to the lungs in about 60 seconds. But
the whole process goes into crisis if you have

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a blood problem.

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Blood problems are grouped into
depending on the component they go to

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hit.

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If a patient has problems producing,
for example, red blood cells, us

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let's try to find out the causes and then
we will give this patient everything that

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is used to produce them.

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Red blood cells have the function of
transport hemoglobin.

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Hemoglobin is a molecule that fixes l
'oxygen. This is his job and it is

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fundamental. But to do that you need the
iron.

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So if there isn't enough in the body
iron, as in some cases of anemia, i

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red blood cells cannot transport l
oxygen to tissues and muscles.

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Anemia, when it is due to deficiency
of iron, is treated by administering

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to the crazy iron patient.

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I was still in dreamland and the
my fear of needles worked like

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hallucinogenic.

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And what are you doing, uncle?

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Call me Emoglobin. Ah, hemoglobin. E
what did I say?

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Hemoglobin. Hop on, I got a load of
iron to be delivered to the rest of the body.

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Let's go.

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Hematologists carefully study the
hemoglobin and the shape of blood cells

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red.

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If it is not the normal one, maybe you are suffering from
a disease called anemia

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sickle cell.

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The disease causes a mutation of the
red blood cells.

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You can see it on this slide.

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The cells have an abnormal shape.
They look like sickles, they are curved and a lot

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elongated into the shape of a banana.

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Red blood cells of this form do
they entangle on the walls of small vases

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blood.

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When sickle cell anemia strikes,
red blood cells accumulate, plugging

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the small blood vessels. And this can
happen in the brain, in the lungs, in the

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kidneys.

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Some of these patients need
periodic transfusions to increase

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normal red blood cells.

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And while the red blood cells increase
normal, part of it is expelled

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those anomalies. A sort of exchange between
red blood cells. It's exactly this,

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out with the sick and in with the healthy.

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A therapy that has become possible
thanks to the advent of transfusions

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safe. It seems like a simple procedure,
but in reality it took two centuries

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to get there.

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When transfusions were attempted, the
people died.

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Until the First World War, i
doctors, forced by circumstances,

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increasingly risky remedies.

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Even milk, rich in principles
nutrients, was the subject of transfusions from

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live cows to humans.

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And of course it didn't work.

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In 1901 Dr. Karl Landteiner
identified the existence of groups

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A, B, AB and 0. And there had to be
compatibility between groups because the

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they worked. Lance Tyner discovered that
we all have antigens, proteins

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located on the surface of blood cells
red. Antigens are a kind of

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fingerprint.

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When blood with antigens
incompatible comes into contact with the

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when fingerprints do not
match, the white blood cells attack

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there was a virus.

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Groups cannot be mixed
blood. The immune system in

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circumstances of this kind consider
the blood that was just put in

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circulation as dangerous for the organism
and intervenes by destroying it. Le

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consequences will be that the blood just
transfused it will begin to agglutinate.

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The first test tube shows what happens.
The blood cells are drying up

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agglutinating. All it takes is one clot
you block circulation and you die.

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That's why a compatibility error
ends up in jail.

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We specialize in multiple jobs
stressful.

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We distribute the blood.

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Not that the rest of the work is lacking
stress. When the patient is hospitalized

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he is unable to speak, this man
he gives him zero negative blood.

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Why? Because zero means zero
antigens. Therefore free of antigens,

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those proteins that cause rejection.

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Everyone can receive it. For this reason yes
called universal donor.

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Vampires don't have these problems,
they are not fussy and do not reject

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nothing. Instead, living beings, a
Unlike vampires, they have to

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of many other things, for example the
iron.

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Sometimes we have too little, like the
anemia due to iron deficiency. Sometimes

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instead it's too much.

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It can happen if over the years yes
too many transpusions are received.

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There is a high amount of iron in
red blood cells. Patients are very a

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risk in case of overload
iron. Iron tends to accumulate in

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very dangerous places like the heart or
the liver.

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Excess iron instead of
rusting makes you rust and it doesn't work

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00:12:29,110 --> 00:12:32,910
So we came up with strategies to
eliminate excess iron from

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'organism. It's called phlebotomy.

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Let's insert an intravenous and proceed
taking a certain amount of blood.

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The brain, convinced that the body has
need blood, order a new one

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churned out of red blood cells.

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The hemoglobin of these new cells goes
to look for the iron he needs,

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from the surplus present in the organism.

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It's been a while since the time of
bloodletting. They were used for everything.

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Drive away evil spirits,
rebalance the mood, cure every

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00:13:04,670 --> 00:13:07,930
known to man. And so the majority
part of the patients died of

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bleeding. Must die of leeches
be a very bad death.

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00:13:12,100 --> 00:13:15,620
These little animals were very popular
in the early days of phlebotomy.

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An average leech sucks blood for
five times its weight.

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00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:23,940
But if you believe that leeches
belong to the past, you are wrong.

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They are used to eliminate clots that form
form in healed wounds. So i

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new tissues do not die.

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Soon...

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We will visit the birthplace of the
blood and we will find out the treatment

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deadly with which the are killed
mutant cells.

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00:13:44,390 --> 00:13:49,130
It's true, the sight of blood makes me
faint and also, in the doctor's office

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00:13:49,130 --> 00:13:51,750
hematological, I was in cold to terrible
nightmares.

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00:13:54,130 --> 00:13:56,530
What are you doing, Sir? Call me Emoglobin.

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00:13:56,890 --> 00:14:01,570
The lifespan of red blood cells that
carry hemoglobin is approximately 120

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00:14:01,570 --> 00:14:06,200
days. When they die, the liver
it simply expels them from

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But the body must replenish
his blood supplies constantly. E

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00:14:11,500 --> 00:14:12,500
are you going to get it?

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00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:16,040
Must produce at least 50
cc per day.

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00:14:17,300 --> 00:14:22,960
You have to multiply this number, i
I don't know how to do it quickly, for 365s

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of the year and for the average duration of the
life of an individual. And you can do it

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00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:27,860
a fairly precise idea.

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00:14:28,360 --> 00:14:31,160
We are talking about about 20 liters of
blood.

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00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:33,420
Well, you could paint a house with it.

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What are the secret manufacturers of the
blood?

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00:14:37,580 --> 00:14:38,860
They are the bones.

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00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:41,760
It's true, blood comes from bones.

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00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:44,540
All thanks to the cells
stem.

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Stem cells are found in the
spinal cord and are the mother cells

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produce all blood cells, i
red blood cells, white blood cells and

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platelets.

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Blood cells fill the vessels
blood vessels inside the medulla

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from where they begin to circulate in everything
the body.

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Sometimes our blood factory does
turned against us, as in the case

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of leukemia.

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White blood cells undergo a
mutation, they go crazy and pile up

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bone marrow.

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Compared to the normal values of the liquid
blood, white blood cells are very

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numerous and the majority are white blood cells
large, very viscous and with a tendency to

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stay united.

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When these abnormal leukemia cells
they move from the bone marrow, they go into the

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peripheral vessels. And the matter is done
serious. Abnormal white blood cells

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blood cells, preventing them from
do their job.

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To confirm the diagnosis of leukemia e
assess the damage, doctors do a

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bone marrow biopsy.

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We aspirate a sample from the pelvic bone
of fluid and a marrow sample

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bone. This is the mother of all
needles and stick it in your side.

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Don't worry, they'll put you to sleep first.

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Let's take the specimen with this
tool.

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When we aspirate, the biopsy sample
will be positioned between these two teeth.

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Of course, after all this, mine
fainting from withdrawal made me

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00:16:10,930 --> 00:16:11,930
real rubbish.

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00:16:16,210 --> 00:16:20,970
I stood there in front of that wall and
I thought, come on, it's not this one

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In the 17th century they distanced the
people.

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You've whined enough. If I want to do
the doctor one day, then I will have to

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00:16:27,710 --> 00:16:29,070
well... Robert!

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Robert!

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00:16:33,070 --> 00:16:34,070
Robert!

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Fortunately, these methods are not available today
they use more. In this laboratory they come

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all tissues were sectioned and examined.

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Remember the bone harvesting
pelvic?

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If tests reveal the presence of
leukemia or other liquid tumors, the

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the most practiced treatment will be the
chemotherapy, a cocktail of substances

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chemicals injected into the blood to be able to
eliminate the mutant cells there

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they threaten. Chemotherapy affects
rapidly dividing cells

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typical of cancer cells.

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But it doesn't act selectively, so...
It is one of the side effects of

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chemo. The hair bulbs divide
quickly, which is why often yes

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hair. In extreme, extreme cases
remedies. Sometimes doctors decide to

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so-called high-dose chemotherapy. It is
a ruthless cell killer

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cancerous, but the price to pay is
very high indeed. The decimation

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bone marrow. And without bone marrow,
no blood cells.

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It's like hitting the blood factory
with an atomic bomb.

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What has been lost can be
replaced through cells

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stem. Why stem cells?

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Because they are the mother cells.

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They are mainly the ones who produce the
our blood.

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And they are obtained from the donation of a
blood relative.

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It is a procedure that has some
'incredible.

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Doctors take a single dose of
healthy stem cells and inject it

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blood of the leukemia patient.

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Our super genius stem cells know
perfectly what their goal is. The

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bone marrow.

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Where they will give life to new red blood cells,
new white blood cells and new

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platelets. Where they will restart the
our blood factory.

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Soon, the future of transplants
bone marrow and a new meaning

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00:19:01,520 --> 00:19:03,260
'cut the rope expression.

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My fear of blood was becoming
a B series horror. I could see

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leeches everywhere.

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Emo goblins, mad scientists who mi
they bled. It was a nightmare from which

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wake me up. I would have gone to donate the
blood.

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Soon!

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I will donate blood very soon.

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00:19:26,890 --> 00:19:30,410
But in the meantime, did you know that you don't give
just blood?

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The cord can also be donated
umbilical.

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If you still have it.

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It appears that there are cells in the cord
suitable for marrow reconstruction

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bone.

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Dr. Warner experienced a
experience in this regard with a patient

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he had contracted a form of leukemia
acute during pregnancy.

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We kept her in good health until
birth of the child. But then they started

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00:19:54,350 --> 00:19:58,550
the difficulties, he couldn't
recover. So we decided to do it

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00:19:58,550 --> 00:20:02,630
everything new. At the birth of the child
we had saved the umbilical cord

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00:20:02,630 --> 00:20:03,630
freezing it.

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Inside the cord there are cells
which can be used as cells

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00:20:08,890 --> 00:20:12,230
mother. A bit like stem cells
repopulate the bone marrow.

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But with these you can regenerate
anything. So what?

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00:20:16,830 --> 00:20:20,810
When the mother began to feel ill and
we couldn't get it anymore

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00:20:20,810 --> 00:20:25,030
remission of symptoms, we decided to
proceed with the cell transplant

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00:20:25,030 --> 00:20:29,710
of the umbilical cord. She began to
recovered and is now perfectly well

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00:20:30,130 --> 00:20:34,430
A life saved by science. The
umbilical cord transplant

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00:20:34,430 --> 00:20:38,650
starting to spread. Donations
they are frozen and stored for i

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00:20:38,650 --> 00:20:39,650
future patients.

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00:20:40,010 --> 00:20:42,710
It's as if every day there were...

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00:20:43,290 --> 00:20:47,150
New and amazing therapies they have
all of which have a very positive impact on

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00:20:47,150 --> 00:20:48,150
our patients.

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00:20:49,470 --> 00:20:51,030
Think about blood clots, for example.

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00:20:51,330 --> 00:20:55,570
Once upon a time people died because of blood
too dense. Scientists have

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00:20:55,570 --> 00:20:59,330
discovered the holy grail of
anticoagulants in snake venom.

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00:20:59,970 --> 00:21:04,370
Research will lead to the creation of
highly effective blood thinning drugs

324
00:21:04,370 --> 00:21:06,530
in preventing strokes and cardiac arrests.

325
00:21:06,990 --> 00:21:10,030
Research is also working in
artificial blood.

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00:21:10,780 --> 00:21:14,980
A surrogate was patented in 1995
artificial blood.

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00:21:16,540 --> 00:21:21,100
This yellow sac looks like
to margarine, but is compatible with

328
00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:25,280
all blood groups. It was
tested and is capable of carrying l

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00:21:25,280 --> 00:21:29,220
oxygen, even if it can't do everything
what natural blood can do.

330
00:21:29,820 --> 00:21:34,180
The future of transfusions lies in a
strengthening the security of

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00:21:34,180 --> 00:21:38,740
blood. I also hope in
evolution of artificial products, but

332
00:21:38,740 --> 00:21:40,200
still very far from this.

333
00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:44,580
So for the moment the banks of
blood must be filled to the old woman

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00:21:44,620 --> 00:21:45,620
with the needle.

335
00:21:46,060 --> 00:21:50,160
We often don't have the components we need
they ask, because the blood components

336
00:21:50,160 --> 00:21:54,200
they depend on blood donations. The
Stored blood is short-lived.

337
00:21:54,460 --> 00:21:58,340
Because after 42 days less survives
70% of red blood cells.

338
00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:03,070
The only way to replenish supplies is
through blood donations. Le

339
00:22:03,070 --> 00:22:06,550
transfusions kept him alive
thousands of people who otherwise

340
00:22:06,550 --> 00:22:10,590
death. It could be you, or a friend,
or a child, or a husband to have

341
00:22:10,590 --> 00:22:11,930
need a transfusion.

342
00:22:13,010 --> 00:22:16,530
Because as they say there is no blood
water and it is also the river of life.

343
00:22:20,930 --> 00:22:24,990
The blood scares me, but also the fact
that there isn't enough.

344
00:22:25,810 --> 00:22:27,970
So I decided to sit down.

345
00:22:28,440 --> 00:22:33,100
Close your eyes and let it
take a couple of fats Now you can

346
00:22:33,100 --> 00:22:35,440
open your eyes Robert Really?

347
00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:40,440
I didn't hear anything until
a few hours ago I was just thinking about it

348
00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:46,400
growing up, you're growing up Come on, you have
finished Thank you doctor You're welcome E

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00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:50,660
Always remind your patients afterwards
having donated blood To stay down a

350
00:22:50,660 --> 00:22:52,000
minutes before getting up